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Exploring the beautiful nature of California
Marine Fish: Barracuda
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Fishes are aquatic vertebrates that have fins, gills and
scales. Gills are the part of the respiratory system that
provide surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
under water.
Fish are ectotherms, commonly referred to as
'cold-blooded', meaning their temperature is regulated by the
temperature of their environment. They have a range of diets,
being herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. Some fish reproduce
by laying eggs, while others reproduce by bearing live young.
California fish species reside in freshwater and coastal/marine
waters. Coastal, or marine fish are an abundant and valuable
resource. However, the ocean's supply is not limitless, and
therefore careful planning and education must be undertaken to
ensure the sustainability of the world's largest food source.
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Long and slender, barracuda sport bluish or
brownish backs and silvery sides. Known for their large mouths
full of sharp, fanglike teeth, barracuda are aggressive hunters.
They move slowly and then burst towards their prey and take
large, snapping bites with their powerful jaws. Pacific
barracudas are slender, predatory fishes with small scales, a
large mouth with fang-like teeth, and a protruding lower jaw.
The tail fin is forked and the two dorsal fins are widely
separated.
Young barracuda live in bays, marinas and under the canopies of
kelp forests. Juveniles and adults form thin schools near shore,
sometimes over an area of many miles. Often large, tight schools
of barracuda herd prey into shallow water, where they’re easily
caught.
Pacific barracuda are prevalent from Point Conception, California to Panama.
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Some species of barracuda migrate between southern California
and Baja California. In the late spring and early summer
they move north in an organized fashion from Baja California
into southern California. In the autumn their migration south to
Baja is less dependable. Some barracuda stay put.
Pacific barracudas have well-deserved reputations for being a voracious hunters. Fish, such as groupers, grunts, snapper, bream and even young barracudas are among its prey.
The barracuda attacks swiftly, charging at its prey at great speed and taking a large snapping bite with its powerful jaws. The barracuda uses its acute eyesight to hunt and will usually move quickly toward light or sudden movement that might indicate the presence of prey. In murky water, it tends to attack an object even before identifying it. When several barracudas hunt in a group they will often herd their prey together into a dense shoal, forcing the fish towards shallow water so that they can feed on a greater number of fish.
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California barracuda begin maturing during their
second year of life. Although 100% of the
males are capable of spawning in their second year,
only about 75% of the females are mature in their
second year. All of the females are mature in the third
year.
Spawning occurs primarily during May, June,
and July in nearshore waters of Baja California and
southern California. Female barracuda, six to seven
years of age, were estimated to produce between
300,000 and 400,000 mature eggs for one spawning,
and spawning may occur more than once each season
California barracuda reach a maximum size of
about 48 inches in total length, 16 pounds in
weight, and 12 + years of age. Specimens larger than
35 inches, 6 pounds, and 10 years of age,
however, are now seldom seen in either commercial or
sport catches.
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Smaller barracuda species swim in schools, but larger species tend to be solitary. Although barracuda attacks on humans are rare, they are feared by swimmers in some places.
Evidence shows that the barracuda can be dangerous when provoked by humans, by erratic movement and by bright and/or shiny colors.
Barracuda flesh can become poisonous when they feed on reef fish which in turn feed on algae or smaller fish which have fed on toxin-containing micro-alga such as Gambierdiscus toxicus.
California barracuda are unusual among the world's
species of barracuda in having supported relatively
large commercial and sport fisheries. Demand for barracuda
as a food fish was historically high, and interest
in barracuda as a sport-angling species has traditionally
been high. Despite a variety of regulations
enacted over the years to conserve and manage this
resource, landings by both commercial and sport
fishermen have declined.
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