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Exploring the beautiful nature of California
California Nature: Fox
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The fox, the smallest member of the dog
family, is a highly adaptable species that inhabits mostly
forest, chaparral, and desert regions, but can be found in
nearly all habitats. California has four types of fox in the
state. They are the gray fox, the island fox, the red fox and
the kit fox.
Foxes are more solitary in their habits than are others in the dog family. They
are territorial and can be aggressive, especially during the breeding season.
Their once-a-year breeding season corresponds with the availability of food.
Despite the fact that urban foxes use human buildings for shelter and human
refuse for food, their contact with humans is quite limited. Most people who
live in an urban area have never seen a fox in the city. Foxes keep a nocturnal
schedule, and in the nighttime are often mistaken for dogs when they are seen.
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The Gray Fox is the most common fox in California, mainly populating coastal or mountain forests at lower elevations. The Gray Fox is a little smaller than the Red Fox and is the only member of the dog family known to climb trees.
Secretive and mostly nocturnal, the Gray Fox is an excellent hunter. They can measure 21-29” in length with a bushy 16” tail. They can weigh 7-13 lbs.
The Gray Fox has a silvery-gray coat with conspicuous patches of yellow, brown, rust, or white on the throat and belly. Black-tipped guard hairs form a dark line down its back to the tip of the tail.
Gray Foxes are forest dwellers. They prefer deciduous woodlands or partially open brush land with little human activity. While diet varies depending upon time of year, they prey mainly upon cottontail rabbits, small rodents, birds, and insects. Gray Foxes also forage for fruits and berries, and tend to eat more vegetable material than the Red Fox.
Like other species of fox, the Gray Fox is territorial and marks its territory abundantly with urine, feces, and a pungent musk.
The Gray Fox is considered a beneficial animal
by many biologists, ecologists, and
naturalists. Like most carnivores, they play an
important role in the ecosystem by helping to
maintain the balance between predator and
prey. They are excellent mousers, keeping rodent
and small mammal populations in check.
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The Island Fox, a relative of the Gray Fox,
is a small fox that is native to six of the eight Channel
Islands of California. It is the smallest fox species in the
United States. There are six subspecies of the fox, each unique
to the island it inhabits, reflecting its evolutionary history.
Other names for the Island Fox include Coast Fox, Short-Tailed
Fox, Island Gray Fox, Channel Islands Fox, Channel Islands Gray
Fox, California Channel Island Fox and Insular Gray Fox.
The Island Fox is much smaller than the Gray fox, roughly the
size of a house cat. They are not intimidated by humans, as they
have historically been at the top of the island food chain and
had no natural predators. Golden Eagle predation and human
activities devastated fox numbers on several of the Channel
Islands in the 1990s.
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Red Foxes, the most commonly recognized fox, are known for their
cleverness and have the largest range in North America. Although
they are close relatives of the Gray Fox, they are considerably
larger, normally ranging in size from ten to fifteen pounds.
Their coats may be reddish or gray or even black, but their legs
and feet are always black. The tail is tipped with white.
In California there are two populations of Red Fox, the native
Sierra Nevada Red Fox, a threatened species found only in the
Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges, and the more common,
non-native Red Fox. Non-native Red Foxes were introduced decades
ago for fox hunting and fur farming. Over time, these foxes
escaped or were released. Their populations have grown and
gradually spread.
The Red Fox eats rodents, insects, fruits, worms, eggs, birds,
and other small animals. It has 42 very powerful teeth that it
uses to catch its food. The fox regularly consumes from 1-2 lbs
of food per day. In urban neighborhoods, the fox often survives
mainly by scavenging household waste, though it will also take
rodents and birds from gardens.
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The Southern California Kit Fox, a
subspecies of Kit Fox, died out in Southern California in 1903.
The Kit fox is mostly a nocturnal animal but
sometimes ventures out of its den during the day. The Kit fox
usually goes out to hunt shortly after sunset, mostly eating
small animals such as kangaroo rats, cottontail rabbits,
black-tailed jackrabbits, meadow voles, hares, prairie dogs,
insects, lizards, snakes, fish, and ground-dwelling birds. They
will scavenge carrion. While primarily carnivorous, if food is
scarce, they have been known to eat tomatoes, cactus fruits, and other fruits. Different Kit fox families can occupy the same hunting grounds, but do not generally go hunting at the same time.
The kit fox usually has a gray coat, with rusty tones, and a
black tip to its tail. Unlike the Gray Fox, it has no stripe
along the length of its tail. Their color ranges from yellowish
to gray. Their back is usually darker than the majority of their
coat, and their belly and inner ears are usually lighter. They
have distinct dark patches around the nose.
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Bats
Bears
Bison
Bobcat
Chipmunks
& Squirrels
Deer & Elk
Feral Horses
Foxes
Gophers
Gray Wolf
Jaguar
Mice & Rats
Mountain Lion
Porcupine
Rabbits
& Hares
Raccoons
River Otter
Sheep
Shrews, Moles,
& Opossum Skunks
Weasels & Minks
Wolverine and Badger |
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