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Exploring the beautiful nature of California
California Nature: Porcupine
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In California, porcupines are primarily
found in coniferous forests, but across western North America
they occur in a wide variety of habitats including pinyon-juniper
woodlands, riparian forests, sagebrush, rangelands, and desert
chaparral. The common porcupine is found throughout the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades from Kern County north to the Oregon border,
south in the Coast Ranges to Sonoma County, and from San Mateo
County south to Los Angeles County. Scattered populations occur
in wooded habitats throughout the Central Valley, as well as Los
Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Common to fairly common
throughout its range, porcupine populations tend to be
localized.
Reported sightings of porcupines in southern
California are rare. One historic occurrence was reported from
the San Bernardino Mountains in 1906. The most recent porcupine
record is from a road kill in the San Bernardino Mountains in
the 1960s, but there is a reliable report of a road kill in the
San Gabriel Mountains during a large wildland fire in the 1980s.
Some evidence for porcupine presence in the San Bernardino
Mountains was found in 1989. In addition, field crews
conducting research on California spotted owls have reported
several sightings of porcupine during the 1990s.
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The North American porcupine is a rodent that spends a good deal
of its life in trees stripping off the outer bark to expose the cambrium layer
which he eats. Many trees are killed outright each year due to the amount of
bark removed and from insects and disease attacking the wound made by the
porcupine.
The North American Porcupine is about 29 inches
long plus a short tail that is 8 inches
long. They have a blunt snout, short legs, and
long, curved claws on the feet. Like all
rodents, the porcupine's front top teeth
continue to grow throughout its life. It must
gnaw on hard things to keep wearing the teeth
down. The North American porcupine's front teeth
are orange.
A porcupine may have as many as 30,000 quills.
The quill of the porcupine is white with a dark tip, upwards of five inches in
length and one-eighth inch in diameter. The quill is found among the long guard
hair and the shorter under-fur. The size of the quills varies with their
location in the porcupine’s body, the longer thicker quills being found on the
tail, with the quills becoming more delicate toward the head and under-belly.
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Sharp, barbed quills protect the back, sides,
and tail; long, stiff guard hairs cover the
front upper part of the body. The quills are
usually held flat against the porcupine's body.
When the porcupine is in danger, it raises the
quills upright, so they can easily lodge in an
enemy when it brushes up against the porcupine.
The barbs in the quills make them difficult to
remove, since they point backwards.
Porcupines cannot shoot their quills! Quills are just modified hairs made out of keratin, the same substance found in our own hair and fingernails. The quills do not cover the underside of the porcupine. Porcupines have muscles at the base of each quill that allow them to stand up when the animal is excited or alarmed. Like all hairs, quills do shed, and when the porcupines shake, loose quills can fly off (but without deadly force). Still, the quills can cause problems, and puncture wounds inflicted by porcupines are very serious.
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The range of the porcupine is from Alaska south through Canada, the Great Lakes
region, parts of the Northeastern United States, the Rocky Mountains and the
Pacific Coast states. The porcupines found in North and South America are good
climbers and spend much of their time in trees. The North
American porcupine is the only species that lives in the U.S.
and Canada, and is the largest of all porcupines.
Porcupines eat primarily pine needles and bark, roots, stems, leaves, berries, meadow grass, seeds, flowers, nuts, aquatic vegetation, fruits, and tubers. Some have been known to take fruit and corn from plantations, and the North American porcupine has earned a bad reputation for killing timber and ornamental
trees by stripping bark from the trunks.
Porcupines mate in late summer and early fall. Porcupines are
very vocal during mating season. Males often fight over females.
The male performs an elaborate dance and sprays urine over the
head of the female. Seven months after mating the female gives
birth to a single baby.
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Porcupine babies, called porcupettes, are
not born with sharp or barbed quills, thank goodness! Instead,
the porcupette's quills are soft and bendable, gradually
hardening in the first few days after birth. The youngster will
stay with its mother for just a few months before it's ready to
live on its own.
The common porcupine is a solitary animal, although it may den
with other porcupines in the winter. It makes its den in caves,
decaying logs and hollow trees. The common porcupine doesn't
hibernate, but it may stay in its den during bad weather.
The common porcupine is a good swimmer, its hollow quills help
keep it afloat. It is also an excellent tree-climber and spends
much of its time in trees. It is a very vocal animal and has a
wide-variety of calls including moans, grunts, coughs, wails,
whines, shrieks and tooth clicking.
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Bats
Bears
Bison
Bobcat
Chipmunks
& Squirrels
Deer & Elk
Feral Horses
Foxes
Gophers
Gray Wolf
Jaguar
Mice & Rats
Mountain Lion
Porcupine
Rabbits
& Hares
Raccoons
River Otter
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Shrews, Moles,
& Opossum Skunks
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Wolverine and Badger |
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