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Exploring the beautiful nature of California
California Nature: Tanagers
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The tanagers are a large group of small to
medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly
in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. They are
seedeaters, but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar.
Most have short, rounded wings. There are 256 species world
wide, 6 North American species, and 4 Californian species.
Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of 3-5
individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and
their offspring. Birds may also be seen in single species or
mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs,
though some are elaborate.
Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diet varies from genus to genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts and insects. Many pick insects off branches. Other species look for insects on the underside of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.
A group of tanagers are collectively known as a "season" of
tanagers. |
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Despite its striking markings of red, yellow,
and black, the slow-moving Western Tanager is a
surprisingly inconspicuous bird of the western
forests. The Western Tanager breeds farther
north than any other member of its mostly
tropical family, breeding to nearly 60°N in the
Northwest Territories. Three to five
bluish-green eggs with irregular brown spots can
be found in Western Tanager nests, which is
built from twigs high in the trees.
The red pigment in the face of the Western
Tanager is rhodoxanthin, a pigment rare in
birds. It is not manufactured by the bird, as
are the pigments used by the other red tanagers.
Instead, it must be acquired from the diet,
presumably from insects that themselves acquire
the pigment from plants.
This tanager winters in open mountain pine woodlands, second growth,
and parks and gardens and breeds in open
coniferous and mixed deciduous-coniferous
forests. Males have bright-yellow body, black
wings with prominent white bars. Red head in
spring and summer. Female is yellow with gray
back.
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A striking black-winged red bird, the
Scarlet Tanager is a common species of the eastern forest
interior. Despite its brilliant coloring it is often overlooked
because of its rather secretive behavior and its preference for
the forest canopy.
The female Scarlet Tanager sings a song similar to the
male's, but softer, shorter, and less harsh. She sings in answer
to the male's song and while she is gathering nesting material.
The response of the Scarlet Tanager to habitat fragmentation
varies from place to place. In the heart of its range in the
Northeast, it can be found in small forest patches. In the
Midwest, similar sized forest patches would have no tanagers. It
breeds in deciduous and mixed deciduous/coniferous woodlands,
especially mature forests.
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The only entirely red bird in North America, the Summer Tanager
is a bird of southern forests. Like most birds that migrate long
distances, the Summer Tanager puts on large amounts of fat to
fuel the long flight. Tanagers arriving in Panama had enough fat
to fly an estimated additional 553 miles.
The Summer Tanager is considered a bee and wasp specialist. It
usually catches a bee in flight and then kills it by beating it
against a branch. Before eating the bee, the tanager removes the
stinger by rubbing it on a branch. The tanager eats bee and wasp
larvae too. It first catches the adult insects and then perches
near the nest to tear it open and get the grubs.
Where Summer and Scarlet tanagers occur together, the Summer
Tanager prefers to breed in shorter and more open woodlands. In
the West, the Summer Tanager breeds in lowlands along streams
while the Western and Hepatic tanagers use coniferous forests at
higher elevations.
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The Hepatic Tanager is a bird of the
pine-oak forests of the southwestern mountains. Although the
Hepatic Tanager has the most restricted range of the four
tanagers in the United States, in fact it is the most widespread
member of its genus. It breeds from the southwestern United
States southward all the way to Argentina.
The Hepatic Tanager is larger and stockier than other tanagers
and has a relatively short tail and a stout bill. Its brightest
color is always on its forehead and throat. In all plumages, it
has grey flanks, dusky cheeks, and a dark eye streak. The female
is yellow, and the male is red. Its average weight is 1.3 ounces. Its average wingspan is 12.5 inches
and the Hepatic Tanager averages 8 inches in length.
Hepatic means involving or resembling the liver, and these
tanagers are named for the coloration of the males which is
known as liver-red. |
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Tanager
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